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First convert the Fischer projection to a Haworth projection, then convert the Haworth projection to a chair form.
The Fischer projection of glucose is
Convert to a Haworth Projection
Step 1. Draw a basic Haworth projection with the ring oxygen at the top.
##”C-1″## is the atom to the right of the oxygen, and ##”C-5″## is the atom to its left.
Step 2. Draw a ##”CH”_2″OH”## on ##”C-5″##.
Step 3. Draw an ##”OH”## below the ring on ##”C-1″## for the α form (draw it above the ring for the β form).
Step 4. Draw all the ##”OH”## groups on the right side of the Fischer projection on the bottom of the ring. Those on the left go above the ring.
The ##”O”## on C-5 is part of the ring.
You can omit the hydrogen atoms, so the Haworth projection for α-D-glucopyranose is
Convert Haworth to Chair
Step 1. Draw a cyclohexane chair in which the ##”O”## atom replaces ##”C-6″## and the bulky ##”CH”_2″OH”## is in the equatorial position.
Step 2. Put all the ##”OH”## groups that are “down” in the Haworth projection “down” in the chair. All the other ##”OH”## groups go “up”.
The chair form of α-D-glucopyranose is
The structure of β-D-glucopyranose is
Prevalence of Glucose
As you move around the β-glucose ring, you see that all the substituents are equatorial.
This is the most stable arrangement possible.
In α-glucose, only the ##”OH”## at ##”C-1″## is axial.
Every other aldohexose would have more axial substituents and be less stable.
Glucose is the most common hexose because it is the most stable.
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